اثر غیر خطی درآمد بر رفاه ذهنی: رویکرد رگرسیون کوانتایل

نوع مقاله : علمی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری علوم اقتصادی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی، تهران، ایران.

2 استادیار، گروه اقتصاد انرژی، کشاورزی و محیط‌زیست، دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

اثرگذاری درآمد بر رفاه ذهنی در مطالعات فراوانی موردتوجه قرارگرفته، اما ابعاد مختلفی از این اثرگذاری هنوز موردبررسی قرار نگرفته است؛ ازاین‌رو هدف مطالعه حاضر، بررسی اثرگذاری غیرخطی درآمد بر رفاه ذهنی 5۸ کشور منتخب، طی سال‌های ۲۰۰۵ تا ۲۰20 می‌باشد، که با استفاده از روش گرسیون کوانتایل انجام‌شده است. در پژوهش حاضر، اثر متغیرهای درآمد، بیکاری، تورم، امید به زندگی و نابرابری درآمد بر رفاه ذهنی نیز بررسی‌شده است. نتایج حاصل نشان می‌دهد در تمام چندک‌ها، بین درآمد و رفاه ذهنی، رابطه مثبت و معناداری برقرار است اما با در نظر گرفتن دهک‌های مختلف رفاه ذهنی، ضریب اثرگذاری درآمد بر رفاه ذهنی در سطوح بالاتر رفاه ذهنی بیشتر می‌باشد. از حدود میانه رفاه ذهنی به بعد، این مقدار تقریباً ثابت می‌باشد. متغیرهای UNE وINF  در تمام سطوح رفاه ذهنی دارای اثر منفی معنادار بر رفاه ذهنی می‌باشند. در میانه رفاه ذهنی، اثرگذاری منفی نابرابری درآمد بر رفاه ذهنی، کاهش می‌یابد همچنین امید به زندگی نیز در تمام سطوح رفاه ذهنی، اثر معناداری بر رفاه ذهنی ندارد. درواقع کشورها با افزایش نامحدود رفاه ذهنی، قادر نیستند مقدار اثرگذاری مثبت درآمد بر رفاه ذهنی را به‌صورت نامحدود افزایش دهند. بنابراین با توجه به نتایج به‌دست‌آمده، نه‌تنها اثرگذاری عوامل اقتصادی بر رفاه ذهنی حائز اهمیت است بلکه بالا بودن رفاه ذهنی نیز در مقدار اثرگذاری اهمیت دارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Nonlinear Effect of Income on Subjective Well-being: A Quantile Regression Approach

نویسندگان [English]

  • Pardis Hejazi 1
  • Morteza Khorsandi 2
1 Ph.D. Student, Theoretical Economics, Allameh Tabatabaei University, Tehran, Iran
2 Assistant Professor, Energy, Agriculture, and Environment Economics, Faculty of Economics, Allameh Tabatabaei University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

The effect of income on subjective well-being has been studied in several researches; however, the various dimensions of this effect have not been studied yet. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the nonlinear effects of income on subjective well-being of 58 selected countries during the years 2005 to 2020 using quantile regression approach. In this study, the effects of income, unemployment, inflation, life expectancy, and income inequality on subjective well-being have also been investigated. The results show that in all quantities, there is a positive and significant relationship between income and subjective well-being. Considering different deciles of subjective well-being, however, the effect of income on subjective well-being is greater at higher levels of subjective well-being. From the middle onwards, this value is almost constant. In fact, with an unlimited increase in the subjective well-being, countries are unable to increase the amount of positive impact of income on it. According to the results, the impact of the economic factors on subjective well-being is importan, so that a high subjective well-being affects the amount of impact.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Happiness economy
  • Well-being
  • Panel smooth threshold regression
  • Easterlin paradox
  • Income inequality
Alesina, A., Di Tella, R., & MacCulloch, R. (2004). Inequality and happiness: are Europeans and Americans different? Journal of Public Economics, 88(9–10), 2009–2042.
Afshari, Z., & Dahmardeh, L. (2014). The Impact of Poverty, Income Inequality and Human Development Index on Happiness. A Panel Data Approach. Journal of Economic Development Policy, 2(4), 31-59 (In Persian).
Bartolini, S., & Sarracino, F. (2014). Happy for how long? How social capital and economic growth relate to happiness over time. Ecological economics, 108, 242-256.
Berg, M., & Veenhoven, R. (2010). Income inequality and happiness in 119 nations: in search for an optimum that does not appear to exist. In B. Greve, (Ed.), Happiness and social policy in Europe (pp. 174–194). Cheltenham:  Edward Elgar.
Blanchflower, D., & Oswald, A. (2003). Does Inequality Reduce Happiness? Evidence from the States of the USA from the 1970s to the 1990s. Mimeographed, Warwick University.
Blanchflower, D. G., & Oswald, A. J. (2004). Well-being over time in Britain and the USA. Journal of public economics, 88(7-8), 1359-1386.
Canay, I. A. (2011). A simple approach to quantile regression for panel data. The econometrics journal, 14(3), 368-386.
Clark, A. (2003). Inequality-aversion and income mobility: A direct test. Delta.
Clark, A. E., Frijters, P., & Shields, M. A. (2008). Relative income, happiness, and utility: An explanation for the Easterlin paradox and other puzzles. Journal of Economic literature, 46(1), 95-144.
Clark, A. E., & Oswald, A. J. (1996). Satisfaction and comparison income. Journal of public economics61(3), 359-381.
Deaton, A. (2008). Income, health, and well-being around the world: Evidence from the Gallup World Poll. Journal of Economic perspectives, 22(2), 53-72.
Diener, E., & Oishi, S. (2000). Money and happiness: Income and subjective well-being across nations. Culture and subjective well-being, 185-218.
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological bulletin, 125(2), 276.
Easterlin, R. A. (1974). Does economic growth improve the human lot? Some empirical evidence. In Nations and households in economic growth (pp. 89-125). Academic Press.
Easterlin, R. A. (1995). Will raising the incomes of all increase the happiness of all? Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 27(1), 35-47.
Easterlin, R. A. (2001). Income and happiness: Towards a unified theory. The economic journal, 111(473), 465-484.
Easterlin, R. A., & Angelescu, L. (2009). Happiness and growth the world over: Time series evidence on the happiness-income paradox (No. 4060). IZA discussion papers.
Easterlin, R. A., McVey, L. A., Switek, M., Sawangfa, O., & Zweig, J. S. (2010). The happiness–income paradox revisited. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(52), 22463-22468.
Frey, B. S., & Stutzer, A. (2002). What can economists learn from happiness research? Journal of Economic literature, 40(2), 402-435.
Gonzalez, A., Teräsvirta, T., Van Dijk, D., & Yang, Y. (2017) "Panel smooth transition regression models". Working Paper, Uppsala University, SE-751 20 UPPSALA.
Graham, B. S., Hahn, J., Poirier, A., & Powell, J. L. (2015). Quantile regression with panel data (No. w21034). National Bureau of Economic Research.
Gropper, D. M., Lawson, R. A., & Thorne Jr, J. T. (2011). Economic freedom and happinessCato J.31, 237.
Helliwell, J. F. (2003). How's life? Combining individual and national variables to explain subjective well-being. Economic modelling, 20(2), 331-360.
Hesabi, H., Khorsandi, M. Abbasinejad, H. Dehghan Shurdand, H. (2015). The Effect of Environmental Performance on Happiness: A Cross-country Analysis. Quarterly Journal of Economical Modeling, 12(42), 49-72 (In Persian).
Hoechle, D. (2007). Robust standard errors for panel regressions with cross-sectional dependence. The stata journal7(3), 281-312.
Hovi, M., & Laamanen, J. P. (2021). Income, aspirations and subjective well-being: International evidence. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization185, 287-302.
Inglehart, R. (1997). Modernization and post modernization in 43 societies (pp. 67-107). Princeton university press.
Inglehart, R., & Klingemann, H. D. (2000). Genes, culture, democracy, and happiness. Culture and subjective well-being.
Khorsandi, M., Azizi, Z. (2015). Estimating the threshold of the impact of unemployment on happiness. Economic Development Policy, 2(3), 59-79 (In Persian).
Kula, M. C., Panday, P., & Mantia, K. (2010). Real GDP, Well-being, and Happiness. International Journal of Arts and Sciences3(7), 431-443.
Li, B., & Lu, Y. (2009, June). Happiness and development: The effect of mental well-being on economic growth. Paper presented at Conference on "Improving the Human Destiny", Lingnan University, Hong Kong.
McBride, M. (2010). Money, happiness, and aspirations: An experimental study. Journal of economic behavior & organization, 74(3), 262-276.
Mohamadzadeh, P., Golkhandan, A. Khansari, M. Golkhandan. (2013). The Effect of Income on Labor Force Happiness in Iran. Journal of Economic Research (Tahghighat-e-Eghtesadi), 48(1), 139-158 (In Persian).
Mohammadianmansor, S., Golkhandan, A. Khansari, M. Golkhandan, D. (2015). An Analysis of Socio-Economic Factors Affecting Happiness (An Econometric Analysis with Regard to Religious Restrictions). Journal of Social Development and Welfare Planning. 7(25), 125-163 (In Persian).
Monsef, Abdolali, Moalemi, Mojgan, Biabani, Jahangir, Nejati, Mehdi, Taherizadeh Anaripour, Javad. (1398). Investigating Economic Factors Affecting Happiness in Selected Countries: Panel Threshold Regression Approach. Journal of Economic Growth and Development Research, 9 (36), 15-34 (In Persian).
Morawetz, D., Atia, E., Bin-Nun, G., Felous, L., Gariplerden, Y., Harris, E., ... & Zarfaty, Y. (1977). Income distribution and self-rated happiness: some empirical evidence. The economic journal87(347), 511-522.
Ngamaba, H. K. (2016). Happiness and life satisfaction in Rwanda. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 26(5), 407–414.
Ngamaba, K. H., Panagioti, M., & Armitage, C. J. (2018). Income inequality and subjective well-being: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Quality of Life Research, 27(3), 577-596.
Nili, F., Babazadeh Khorasani, B., Shadkar, M. (2015). Analyzing Dependency of Subjective Well-being in Developing Countries to Macroeconomic Factors. Journal of Economic Research (Tahghighat- E- Eghtesadi), 50(1), 21-48 (In Persian).
Pfaff, T., & Hirata, J. (2013, May). Testing the Easterlin Hypothesis with Panel Data: The Dynamic Relationship between Life Satisfaction and Economic Growth in Germany and in the UK. SOEP paper No. 554, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2268546.
Ruprah, I. J., & Luengas, P. (2011). Monetary policy and happiness: Preferences over inflation and unemployment in Latin America. The Journal of Socio-Economics40(1), 59-66.
Sameti, Majid, Izadi, Saeedeh. (2016). Welfare Costs of Inflation on Different Income Deciles of Isfahan Urban Households. Iranian Journal of Economic Researches, 19 (59), 117-159 (In Persian).
Stevenson, B., & Wolfers, J. (2008). Economic growth and subjective well-being: Reassessing the Easterlin paradox (No. w14282). National Bureau of Economic Research.
Stevenson, B., & Wolfers, J. (2013). Subjective well-being and income: Is there any evidence of  satiation? American Economic Review, 103(3), 598-604.
Stutzer, A. (2004). The role of income aspirations in individual happiness. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 54(1), 89-109.
Tella, R. D., MacCulloch, R. J., & Oswald, A. J. (2003). The macroeconomics of happiness. Review of Economics and Statistics, 85(4), 809-827.