نوع مقاله : علمی
نویسندگان
1 گروه اقتصاد دانشکده علوم اجتماعی و اقتصادی، دانشگاه الزهرا، تهران، ایران
2 گروه اقتصاد، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی و اقتصادی، دانشگاه الزهرا، تهران، ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Institutions are defined as the rules of the game in a society, or more precisely and formally, as the humanly conceived constraints that shape human interaction. Institutions began to be considered in the early 1990s as an explanation for international differences in economic development, even in the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, which were somewhat opposed to the idea. Institutions determine the extent to which those in power can appropriate the resources of the economy for their own private benefit. Institutions operate at all levels of society by determining the frameworks within which economic exchanges take place. The literature on institutions has always been of interest to economic researchers. In this regard, there are two approaches: one that seeks the causality of development and institutional quality, and the second approach that seeks to answer the question of why institutional quality varies across countries and seeks to identify the factors affecting it. The second has received less attention than the first. Based on North's approach, which considers development to depend on creating open access and countries' transition from limited access to open access, this article selects the variables of inequality and natural resource rents and seeks to examine their impact on institutional quality in selected countries during the period 2008-2020 using the two-stage generalized moments method. According to the results obtained, the impact of economic inequality on institutional quality is negative and significant (with a coefficient of -0.3 and p<0.01), the impact of gender inequality on institutional quality is negative and significant (with a coefficient of -0.01 and p<0.01), the impact of political inequality on institutional quality is negative and significant (with a coefficient of -0.01 and p<0.01), and the impact of natural resource rents on institutional quality is negative and significant (with a coefficient of -0.003 and p<0.01).
کلیدواژهها [English]
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