نوع مقاله : علمی
نویسندگان
1 دانشگاه شهید بهشتی
2 گروه اقتصاد،دانشگاه خلیج فارس، بوشهر، ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
The aim of this study is to examine the Engel coefficient across Iran’s 31 provinces and to analyze the macroeconomic and structural factors affecting it from 2011 to 2023. The Engel coefficient, which reflects living standards, is strongly influenced by macroeconomic shocks such as inflation, unemployment, and sanctions as well as housing costs. This study uses panel econometric methods and household income–expenditure data to analyze the coefficient separately for urban and rural areas. The results show that Tehran and Alborz provinces consistently have the lowest Engel coefficients, indicating relatively higher welfare, while Sistan and Baluchestan and Ilam provinces have the highest coefficients, reflecting lower welfare. As expected, income is negatively associated with the Engel coefficient, supporting Engel’s law. However, macroeconomic factors like inflation, unemployment, and sanctions have a significant positive impact on the coefficient. Housing costs also exert a strong negative effect, meaning that households often reduce food expenditures to cover housing, which lowers the coefficient without improving welfare. To promote real and sustainable improvements in living standards, policy efforts should focus on stabilizing the macroeconomy, controlling inflation, creating sustainable employment, raising real incomes in deprived provinces, and carefully managing housing costs-especially in high-income urban areas. Such measures can help reduce regional disparities and enhance households’ actual welfare.
کلیدواژهها [English]
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