Assessing the Factors Affecting on Happiness in Islamic Countries

Document Type : Scientific paper

Author

Abstract

Happiness Economics is a new branch of economic studies that typically combines economics with other disciplines such as psychology and sociology trying to deal with the theoretical and quantitative study of happiness, positive and negative emotions, welfare, life quality, life satisfaction, and its related concepts. It aims to analyze the conditions affecting the individual and society's level of happiness and satisfaction. The main objective of this paper is to assess the factors affecting on the happiness in 30 selected Islamic countries during the period 2007-2014. For this purposeو the per capita income, inflation, unemployment, life expectancy, religious restrictions indicators variables and Generalized Method of Moments were used (GMM). The main results of this study show that in the studied countries: a) with increase in per capita income happiness increases. b) Unemployment and inflation have a depressing effect on happiness and negative impact of unemployment rate on happiness is higher than the rate of inflation. c) Increasing in the government restrictions and social hostilities as the indicators of religious restrictions is associated with less happiness. A general conclusion from the analysis of the factors affecting on happiness in Islamic countries, can say richer countries, with the less unemployment and inflation rates and less religious restrictions and higher life expectancy are happier.

Keywords


-        Alon, I & .Chase, G. (2005). Religious Freedom and Economic Prosperity. Cato Journal, 2(25): 399-406.
-        Arellano, M. & Bond, S. (1991). Some Test of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and Application to Employment Equations", Review of Economic Studies, 58: 277-297.
-        Arellano, M. & Bover, O. (1995). Another Look at the Instrumental Variable Estimation of Error Component Models. Journal of Econometrics, 68: 29-51.
-        Bakhtiary, S. & Fathabadi, M. (2010). The Relationship between Unemployment and Inflation with Happiness and Welfare: an Experimental Study for Selected Asian Countries. Journal of Economic Strategic.
-        Baltagi, B. (2005). Econometric Analysis of Panel Data. 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill.
-        Bartolini, S. & Sarracino, F. (2011). Happy for How Long? How Social Capital and GDP Relate to Happiness over Time. Department of Economics University of Siena, Working Paper, 261.
-        Blundell, R. & Bond, S. (1998). Initial Conditions and Moment Restrictions in Dynamic Panel Data Models. Journal of Econometrics, 87: 115-143.
-        Campell A., Converse, P.E., & Rodgers, W.L. (1979). The Quality of American Life: Perceptions. Evaluations, and Satisfactions. 6(4): 487-490.
-        Clark, A.E., Frijters, P. & Shields, M.A. (2008). Relative Income, Happiness and Utility: An Explanation for the Easterlin Paradox and Other Puzzles. Journal of Economic Literature, 46(1(: 95-144.
-        Clarke, A.E. & Lelkes, O. (2009). Let Us Pray: Religious Interactions in Life Satisfaction. Working Paper, 2009-01, Paris School of Economics.
-        Clark, A.E., & Oswald, A.J. (1994). Unhappiness and Unemployment. Economic Journal, 104(424): 648–659.
-        Di Tella, R., MacCulloch, R.J. & Oswald, A.J. (2003). The Macroeconomics of Happiness. Review of Economics and Statistics, 85(4): 809–827.
-        Easterlin, R.A. (1974). Does Economic Growth Improve the Human Lot? Some Empirical Evidence. In David P.A. and Reder, M.W. (Eds.).Nations and Households in Economic Growth: Essays in Honour of Moses Abramowitz, Academic Press, New York and London, 89-125.
-        Frey, B. S. & Stutzer, A. (2002). Happiness and Economics, How the Economy and Institutions Affect Human Well-being. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press.
-        Grim, B.J. (2012). Rising Restrictions on Religion: A Global Overview. Brigham Young University Law Review, 3: 834-871.
-        Knabe, A. & Rätzel, S. (2010). Income, Happiness, and the Disutility of Labor. Journal of Economics Letters, 107(1): 77-79.
-        Kula, M.C., Panday, P. & Mantia, K. (2010). Real GDP, Well-being, and Happiness. International Journal of Arts and Sciences, 3(7): 431 – 443.
-        Li, B. & Lu, Y. (2009). Happiness and Development: The Effect of Mental Well-being on Economic Growth. Conference on Improving the Human Destiny, 11-12 June 2009. Ling Nan University. 1-17.
-        Lim, C. & Putnam, R.D. (2010). Religion, Social Networks and Life Satisfaction. American Sociological Review, 75(6): 914–933.
-        Mangeloja, E. (2005). Economic Growth and Religious Production Efficiency. Applied Economics, 37(20): 2349-2359.
-        Mohammadzadeh, P., Asgharpoor, H. & Maniei, O. (2013). The Effect of Income on Labor Force Happiness in Iran. Journal of Economic Research, No. 48: 139-158.
-        Nili, F. & Babazadeh Khorasani, B. (2012). . Identification of Factors Affecting Subjective Welfare in Iran. Journal of Monetary and Banking Research, 14(6): 27-48.
-        Ruprah, I.J. & Luengas, P. (2010). Monetary policy and Unhappiness: Preferences over Inflation and Unemployment in Latin America. The Journal of Socio-Economics.
-        Sacks, D. W., Stevenson, B. & Wolfers, J. (2012). The New Stylized Facts about Income and Subjective Well-Being. Emotion, 12(6): 1181-1187.
-        Stevenson, B., & Wolfers, J. (2008). Economic Growth and Subjective Well-Being: Reassessing the Easterlin Paradox. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity.
-        Tian, G. & Yang, L. (2007). A Formal Economic Theory for Happiness Studies: A Solution to the Happiness-Income Puzzle. Texas A&M University, Department of Economics, College Station, 1-45.
-        www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/sep/20/religious-restrictions-index- intolerance-rise.
-        www.world bank.org
-        www.worlddatabaseofhappiness.eur.nl.